The objective of this paper was to evaluate the kinetics of the hydrolysis of soybean oil by the action of the Lipozyme® TL IM enzyme varying the operational conditions of molar ratio water/oil (9:1-60:1) and temperature (40-64 °C). To describe the experimental data, a mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of Ping-Pong Bi Bi (PPBB) was proposed, in which the following steps were not considered formation of the complex enzyme/oil substrate, and formation of the acylated enzyme/oil substrate complex. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil indicated a yield in free fatty acids of 76% at the molar ratio of 46:1 and temperature of 52 °C. Furthermore, based on the values of the determination coefficient and root mean square error, the mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of PPBB showed good agreement with the experimental data in a relatively wide temperature range. Thus, it can be a useful tool for the optimization and assessment of the mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil.

The aim of this study was to produce and to characterize dietary fiber concentrates (DFCs) obtained from the peach palm by-product (PPB). Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and aqueous extractions at low pressure in magnetic (LPMS) and orbital (LPOS) stirring were carried out to DFCs production. DFCs and the untreated PPB were analyzed for composition, functional properties, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The aqueous extraction treatments increased the total dietary fiber content, due to the removal of sugars (88.7-99.6%) and the partial leaching of proteins and ashes. The DFC obtained by SWE had the highest content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. The methods of aqueous extraction changed the structure of fiber components, that becomes more porous and fragmented, improving the functional properties, as water and oil absorption. Cellulose was the most abundant component of the samples and the alteration in its conformation was observed in the infrared spectra. The principal component analysis showed that the changes on the composition and functional properties were associated with the treatments applied. DFCs produced in this work, specially by SWE, are considered interesting alternatives to promote the utilization of peach palm by-product as a fiber-rich component.

Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for the production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested. (FO byproducts by products sugaralcohol sugar alcohol industry flavoring properties petroleumbased petroleum based formulations Thus composition process obtained food cosmetic discussed Furthermore trends suggested

RESUMO A produção de biodiesel tem-se intensificado nos últimos anos e o método tradicionalmente aplicado para sua produção é a transesterificação alcalina homogênea, com a formação de ésteres e glicerol, que precisam ser separados. Além disso, o biodiesel bruto precisa ser purificado no final da reação para remover o catalisador, glicerol, sabão, óleo e álcool restantes, que podem prejudicar o desempenho do motor. Esse processo gera grandes quantidades de águas residuais que precisam ser descartadas de forma adequada para evitar a poluição do meio ambiente. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão do processo de produção de biodiesel e a necessidade de uma etapa de purificação, com foco na geração de efluentes. Métodos tradicionais e avançados para o tratamento de águas residuais provenientes da produção de biodiesel são descritos e discutidos. Detalhes sobre patentes publicadas nos últimos cinco anos, relacionadas a técnicas de tratamento dessas águas residuais, também estão incluídos.

ABSTRACT Biodiesel production has intensified in recent years and the traditionally applied method for its production is homogeneous alkaline transesterification, with the formation of esters and glycerol, which need to be separated. Also, the crude biodiesel needs to be purified at the end of the reaction to remove the remaining catalyst, glycerol, soap, oil, and alcohol, which can impair engine performance. This process generates large quantities of wastewater that need to be properly disposed of to avoid polluting the environment. This article provides a review of the biodiesel production process and the need for a purification step, focusing on wastewater generation. Traditional and advanced methods for treating wastewater originating from biodiesel production are described and discussed. Details regarding patents published in the past 5 years, related to techniques for the treatment of these wastewaters, are also included.

Abstract The main goal of the present work was to evaluate the application of ultrasound as a previous step to promote the substrates pre-emulsion in the hydrolysis reaction of macauba kernel oil (MKO). The ultrasound effect on the substrates pre-emulsion was evaluated on the free fatty acid (FFA) content, as well as the process variables (reaction time, percentage of catalyst Lipozyme® RM IM, and buffer solution). Reactions carried out with the substrates pre-emulsion presented higher FFA production, up to a 40 wt% increase in 1 hour of reaction, yielding 80 wt% of FFAs in 8 hours. The use of catalyst in the reaction medium, from 5 to 15 wt%, favored the FFAs production in 2 hours of reaction. Addition of 25 to 100 wt% of buffer solution led to 86 wt% of FFAs in 4 hours of reaction. Enzyme recycling resulted in a slight decrease in the FFA content, although the catalyst had maintained 85% of its initial activity after 30 h of use. Therefore, the ultrasound pre-emulsion previous step allowed a more efficient hydrolysis reaction of MKO, leading to an increase of up to 40 wt% on the FFA content, when compared to the hydrolysis without such step.

Abstract The present work aimed to develop and characterize HPMC-films (HFs) based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with the addition of lactase for later application in the reduction of lactose in whole milk. The HFs were produced by the casting technique, with the addition of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g of lactase per 100 g of filmogenic solution. All the formulations presented a high capacity of film formation, but the thickness and time of disintegration increased according to the added lactase concentration. Regardless of the formulation developed, HFs in whole milk, a reduction in the lactose content (~ 80%) occurred, classifying the product as zero lactose. Thus, the HPMC-films with the addition of lactase can be considered as a good alternative for solubilization in foods which have a high concentration of lactose.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de etila como solvente na extração de óleo de semente de macaúba (OSM), utilizando extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU). Verificou-se que o aumento na remoção de OSM pode ser obtido com o uso de maiores quantidades de solventes, maior temperatura e tempo de extração. Com isso, obteve-se o rendimento máximo de óleo (40,61%) proporcionado pela EAU a 60 °C, 45 min, e utilizando a razão solvente para grão de 12 (mL g-1), o qual foi superior ao obtido por n -hexano, nas mesmas condições experimentais. A EAU foi favorável na extração de óleo (p < 0,05) e apresentou rendimento próximo ao relatado pela extração clássica; no entanto, na EAU, utiliza-se menor tempo de extração e volume de solvente. O ácido láurico corresponde a ~44% da composição do OSM. Os óleos apresentaram baixos teores de ácidos graxos livres (<0,80%) e os fitoesteróis, campesterol e β-sitosterol, foram identificados no OSM com maiores teores no óleo obtido pela EAU.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of ethyl acetate as a solvent in the extraction of macauba kernel oil (MKO) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). It was shown that more MKO oil could be extracted with the use of larger amounts of solvent, higher temperatures and longer extraction times. Thus the maximum oil yield (40.61%) was obtained by UAE at 60 °C for 45 min, using a solvent to kernel ratio of 12 (mL g-1), obtaining a higher yield than that obtained with n-hexane under the same experimental conditions. UAE was favorable for this oil extraction (p < 0.05), presenting a yield close to that reported for classical extraction but with a shorter extraction time and smaller solvent volume. Lauric acid corresponded to ~44% of the MKO composition. The oils presented low free fatty acid contents (<0.80% wt), and the phytosterols, campesterol and β-sitosterol, were identified in the MKO with higher levels in the oil obtained by UAE.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho objetivou a extração do óleo da polpa de macaúba utilizando extração por solvente a baixa pressão, bem como a caracterização dos extratos e farelos obtidos, utilizando diferentes solventes (n-hexano, acetato de etila e isopropanol). Os resultados reportam maiores rendimentos em óleo, 27,43%, na utilização do isopropanol (P<0,05), sendo que os maiores teores em β-caroteno no extrato, 348,30mg 100g-1, foram obtidos com este solvente. Na composição dos extratos, predominam os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e relata-se que o tipo de solvente não apresentou influência significativa (P>0,05) na composição, no entanto, na quantificação dos compostos livres de glicerol, o isopropanol apresentou os maiores teores, 104,15mg 100g-1, desses compostos (P<0,05). Os farelos apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas, proteína e fibras, quando comparados à polpa. A remoção do óleo favorece a capacidade de retenção de água, no entanto, não tem influência nas demais características tecnológicas avaliadas.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to extract the oil from macauba pulp using a low-pressure solvent extraction, as well as characterisation of the extracts and defatted meal obtained using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and isopropanol). Results reported higher yields in oil, 27.43%, using isopropanol (P<0.05), wherein the highest levels of β-carotene in the extract, 348.30mg 100g-1, were obtained with this solvent. In the composition of the extracts, monounsaturated fatty acids were predominantly found, and it was reported that the type of solvent had no significant influence (P>0.05) on the composition; however, in the quantification of free glycerol compounds, isopropanol showed higher levels, 104.15mg 100g-1, of these compounds (P<0.05). Meals had higher ash, protein and fibre content when compared to pulp. Thus, oil removal can be stated to promote water retention capacity; however, it has no influence on the other technological characteristics evaluated.